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<p>A <b>teaching method</b> is a set of principles and methods used by <a href="Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> to enable student <a href="Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>. These strategies are determined partly by the subject matter to be taught, partly by the relative expertise of the learners, and partly by constraints caused by the learning environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a particular <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> method to be appropriate and efficient it has to take into account the learner, the nature of the subject matter, and the type of learning it is supposed to bring about.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The approaches for teaching can be broadly classified into teacher-centered and student-centered, but in practice teachers will often adapt instruction by moving back and forth between these methodologies depending on learner prior knowledge, learner expertise, and the desired learning objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a teacher-centered approach to learning, teachers are the main <a href="Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> figure in this model. Students are viewed as "empty vessels" whose primary role is to passively receive <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> (via lectures and direct instruction) with the end goal of testing and assessment. It is the primary role of teachers to pass <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> on to their students. In this model, teaching and assessment are viewed as two separate entities. Student learning is measured through objectively scored tests and assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-teach.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">student-centered learning</a>, while teachers are the authority figure in this model, teachers and students play an equally active role in the learning process. This approach is also called authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teacher's primary role is to coach and facilitate student learning and overall comprehension of material. Student learning is measured through both formal and informal forms of <a href="Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">assessment</a>, including group projects, student portfolios, and class participation. Teaching and assessments are connected; student learning is continuously measured during teacher instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-teach.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teach.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_teaching">Methods of teaching</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lecturing">Lecturing</h3></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a></div>
<p>The <a href="Lecture" title="Lecture">lecture</a> method is just one of several <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> methods, though in schools it is usually considered the primary one. The lecture method is convenient for the institution and cost-efficient, especially with larger classroom sizes. This is why lecturing is the standard for most <a href="College" title="College">college</a> courses when there can be several hundred students in the classroom at once; lecturing lets professors address the most people at once, in the most general manner, while still conveying the <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> that they feel is most important, according to the lesson plan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the lecture method gives the instructor or teacher chances to expose students to unpublished or not readily available material, the students play a passive role which may hinder learning. While this method facilitates large-class communication, the lecturer must make a constant and conscious effort to become aware of student problems and engage the students to give verbal feedback. It can be used to arouse interest in a subject provided the instructor has effective writing and speaking skills.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer_Instruction">Peer Instruction</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></div>
<p>Developed by Eric Mazur, peer instruction is a teaching method designed to improve the lecture. It includes both pre-class and in-class workflows. The in-class workflow intersperses teacher presentations with conceptual questions, called Concept Tests. These are designed to expose common student misconceptions in understanding the material, and lead to student discussion then reteaching if required.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explaining">Explaining</h3></div>
<p>While under-researched, both student and teacher <a href="Explanation" title="Explanation">explanations</a> remain one of the most utilized teaching methods in teacher practice. Explaining has many sub-categories including the use of analogies to build conceptual understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modes of explaining include the ‘thinking together’ style where teachers connect student ideas to scientific models. There are also more narrative styles using examples, and learner explanations which require students to give an explanation of the concept to be learned allowing the teacher to give precise feedback on the quality of the explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrating">Demonstrating</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration (teaching)</a></div>
<p>Demonstrating, which is also called the coaching style or the Lecture-cum-Demonstration method,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the process of <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> through examples or <a href="Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework mixes the instructional strategies of <i>information imparting</i> and <i>showing how</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a> teacher may teach an idea by experimenting with students. A demonstration may be used to prove a fact through a combination of visual evidence and associated <a href="Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>.
</p><p>Demonstrations are similar to written storytelling and examples in that they allow students to personally relate to the presented information. Memorization of a list of facts is a detached and impersonal experience, whereas the same information, conveyed through demonstration, becomes personally relatable. Demonstrations help to raise student interest and reinforce memory retention because they provide connections between facts and real-world applications of those facts. Lectures, on the other hand, are often geared more towards factual presentation than connective learning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>One of the advantages of the demonstration method involves the capability to include different formats and instruction materials to make the learning process engaging.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to the activation of several of the learners' senses, creating more learning opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach is also beneficial on the part of the teacher because it is adaptable to both group and individual teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While demonstration teaching, however, can be effective in teaching Math, Science, and Art, it can prove ineffective in a classroom setting that calls for the accommodation of the learners' individual needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborating">Collaborating</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></div>
<p>Collaboration allows student to actively participate in the learning process by talking with each other and listening to others opinions. There exist some actions such as Dialogic Literary Gatherings and Interactive Groups which improve learnings by the collaboration and dialogic communication between the participants <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.Collaboration establishes a personal connection between students and the topic of study and it helps students think in a less personally biased way. Group projects and discussions are examples of this teaching method. Teachers may employ collaboration to assess student's abilities to work as a team, leadership skills, or presentation abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Collaborative discussions can take a variety of forms, such as <a href="Fishbowl_(conversation)" title="Fishbowl (conversation)">fishbowl discussions</a>. It is important for teachers to provide students with instruction on how to collaborate effectively. This includes teaching them rules to conversation, such as listening, and how to use argumentation versus arguing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some preparation and with clearly defined roles, a discussion may constitute most of a lesson, with the teacher only giving short feedback at the end or in the following lesson.
</p><p>Some examples of collaborative learning tips and strategies for teachers are; to build trust, establish group interactions, keeps in mind the critics, include different types of learning, use real-world problems, consider assessment, create a pre-test, and post-test, use different strategies, help students use inquiry and use technology for easier learning.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classroom_discussion">Classroom discussion</h4></div>
<p>The most common type of collaborative method of teaching in a class is classroom discussion. It is also a democratic way of handling a class, where each student is given equal opportunity to interact and put forth their views. A discussion taking place in a classroom can be either facilitated by a teacher or by a student. A discussion could also follow a presentation or a demonstration. Class discussions can enhance student understanding, add context to academic content, broaden student perspectives, highlight opposing viewpoints, reinforce knowledge, build confidence, and support community in learning. The opportunities for meaningful and engaging in-class discussion may vary widely, depending on the subject matter and format of the course. Motivations for holding planned classroom discussion, however, remain consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An effective classroom discussion can be achieved by probing more questions among the students, paraphrasing the information received, using questions to develop critical thinking with questions like "Can we take this one step further?;" "What solutions do you think might solve this problem?;" "How does this relate to what we have learned about..?;" "What are the differences between ... ?;" "How does this relate to your own experience?;" "What do you think causes .... ?;" "What are the implications of .... ?"<sup id="cite_ref-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>It is clear from "the impact of teaching strategies on learning strategies in first-year higher education cannot be overlooked nor over interpreted, due to the importance of students' personality and academic motivation which also partly explain why students learn the way they do"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Donche agrees with the previous points made in the above headings but he also believes that student's personalities contribute to their learning style. The way a student interprets and executes the instruction given by a teacher allows them to learn in a more effective and personal way. This interactive instruction is designed for the students to share their thoughts about a wide range of subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Class discussions have also proven to be an effective method of bullying prevention and intervention when teachers discuss the issue of bullying and its negative consequences with the entire class. These discussions have shown to increase the number of students who would help other students when they are victimized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debriefing">Debriefing</h4></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Debriefing" title="Debriefing">Debriefing</a></div>
<p>The term "debriefing" refers to conversational sessions that revolve around the sharing and examining of information after a specific event has taken place. Depending on the situation, debriefing can serve a variety of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes into consideration the experiences and facilitates reflection and feedback. Debriefing may involve feedback to the students or among the students, but this is not the intent. The intent is to allow the students to "thaw" and to judge their experience and progress toward change or transformation. The intent is to help them come to terms with their experience. This process involves a cognizance of cycle that students may have to be guided to completely debrief. Teachers should not be overly critical of relapses in behaviour. Once the experience is completely integrated, the students will exit this cycle and get on with the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Debriefing is a daily exercise in most professions. It might be in psychology, healthcare, politics, or business. This is also accepted as an everyday necessity.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classroom_Action_Research">Classroom Action Research</h4></div>
<p>Classroom Action Research is a method of finding out what works best in your own classroom so that you can improve student <a href="Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>. We know a great deal about good <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> in general (e.g. McKeachie, 1999; Chickering and Gamson, 1987; Weimer, 1996), but every teaching situation is unique in terms of content, level, student skills, and learning styles, teacher skills and teaching styles, and many other factors. To maximize student learning, a teacher must find out what works best in a particular situation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> and <a href="Research" title="Research">research</a> method, model and family is essential to the practice of technology studies. Teachers have their strengths and weaknesses, and adopt particular models to complement strengths and contradict weaknesses. Here, the teacher is well aware of the type of <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> to be constructed. At other times, teachers equip their students with a research method to challenge them to construct new meanings and <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. In schools, the research methods are simplified, allowing the students to access the methods at their own levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrina,_S._2007_pp.125_-_153-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questioning">Questioning</h3></div>
<p>Questioning is one of the oldest documented teaching methods,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be used by teachers in a variety of ways for a variety of purposes including, checking for understanding, clarifying terms, exposing misconceptions, and gathering evidence of learning to inform subsequent instructional decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socratic_questioning">Socratic questioning</h4></div>
<p>Named after <a href="Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">socratic questioning</a> is described by his pupil <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> as a form of questioning where the teacher probes underlying misconceptions to lead students towards deeper understanding.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_calling">Cold calling</h4></div>
<p>Cold calling is a teaching methodology based around the teacher asking questions to students without letting the students know beforehand who will be called upon to answer by the teacher. Cold calling aims to increase inclusion in the classroom<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a> as well as student engagement and participation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold calling in education is distinct from <a href="Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">cold-calling in sales</a> which is a form of business solicitation. Cold calling as a teaching methodology has been linked to increased student participation,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased student voluntary participation,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased student engagement, increased student in class gender equity<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no decrease in student comfort levels in class.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that the effectiveness of cold calling as teaching method is connected to the use of covert <a href="Testing_effect" title="Testing effect">retrieval practice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feedback">Feedback</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Corrective feedback</a></div>
<p>Feedback is targeted information given to students about their current performance relative to their desired learning goals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should aim to (and be capable of producing) improvement in students’ learning, as well as being bidirectional by giving teachers feedback on student performance which in turn helps teachers plan the next steps in learning.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feedback in its various forms can be a potent teaching method with potentially large impacts on student achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also have some negative side effects under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness_of_teaching_methods">Effectiveness of teaching methods</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Educational research</a></div>
<p>Small effects or lack of <a href="Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> effects have been found when evaluating many teaching methods rigorously with <a href="Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many teaching methods targeting cognitive skills show quickly disappearing impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_teaching_methods">Evolution of teaching methods</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_education">Ancient education</h3></div>
<p>About 3000 BC, with the advent of <a href="Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, education became more conscious or <a href="Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">self-reflecting</a>, with specialized occupations such as <a href="Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> and <a href="Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> requiring particular <a href="Skill" title="Skill">skills</a> and knowledge. <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> in <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> led to questions of educational method entering national discourse.
</p><p>In his literary work <i><a href="The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i>, <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> described a system of instruction that he felt would lead to an ideal state. In his dialogues, Plato described the <a href="Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>, a form of inquiry and debate intended to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
</p><p>Many commentators on the Christian <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> make reference to the teaching methodology of <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, who "used a variety of teaching techniques to impress his teaching on his hearers".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been the intent of many educators since Plato, such as the Roman educator <a href="Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, who lived shortly after Jesus, to find specific, interesting ways to encourage students to use their <a href="Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and to help them to learn.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_education">Medieval education</h3></div>
<p><a href="Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a>, in <a href="Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, wanted all children to learn. In his <i>The World in Pictures</i>, he created an illustrated <a href="Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> of things children would be familiar with in everyday life and used it to teach children. <a href="Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a> described how the student <a href="Gargantua" title="Gargantua">Gargantua</a> learned about the world, and what is in it.
</p><p>Much later, <a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> in his <i><a href="Emile%2C_or_On_Education" title="Emile, or On Education">Emile</a></i>, presented <a href="Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> to teach children the elements of <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a> and other subjects. During <a href="Napoleonic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a>, the teaching methodology of <a href="Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a> of <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> enabled refugee children, of a class believed to be unteachable, to learn. He described this in his account of an educational experiment at Stanz.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div>
<p>The <a href="Prussian_education_system" title="Prussian education system">Prussian education system</a> was a system of mandatory <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a> dating to the early 19th century. Parts of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> education system have served as models for the education systems in a number of other countries, including <a href="Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">the United States</a>. The Prussian model required classroom management skills to be incorporated into the teaching process.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatto_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatto-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in England developed their distinctive method of teaching, the <a href="Tutorial_system" title="Tutorial system">tutorial system</a>, in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involves very small groups, from one to three students, meeting on a regular basis with tutors (originally <a href="Fellow_(Oxbridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow (Oxbridge)">college fellows</a>, and now also doctoral students and <a href="Post-docs" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-docs">post-docs</a>) to discuss and debate pre-prepared work (either essays or problems).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the central teaching method of these universities in both arts and science subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been compared to the <a href="Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_pedagogy">Experimental pedagogy</h3></div>
<p>Experimental pedagogy is a <a href="Pedagogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical">pedagogical</a> trend that appeared at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, whose task was to introduce, in addition to observation, the experimental method into the study of teaching. This field of study employs scientific methods to investigate teaching and learning, aiming to improve educational practices by testing different approaches and measuring their effectiveness.
</p><p>The main credit for the constitution of experimental pedagogy as a special direction and the development of its theoretical foundations belongs to two German pedagogues, <a href="Ernst_Meumann" title="Ernst Meumann">Ernst Meumann</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Wilhelm_August_Lay" title="Wilhelm August Lay">Wilhelm August Lay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are also considered the founders of experimental pedagogy. There are also <a href="Alfred_Binet" title="Alfred Binet">Alfred Binet</a> and <a href="Th%C3%A9odore_Simon" title="Théodore Simon">Théodore Simon</a> in France, <a href="Joseph_Mayer_Rice" title="Joseph Mayer Rice">Joseph Mayer Rice</a>, <a href="Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> and <a href="G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> in America, <a href="%C3%89douard_Clapar%C3%A8de" title="Édouard Claparède">Édouard Claparède</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Robert_Dottrens" title="Robert Dottrens">Robert Dottrens</a> in Switzerland, Alexander Petrovich Nechaev in Russia, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Key characteristics of experimental pedagogy include being evidence-based, rigorous in study design, and oriented towards improvement. The field investigates the effectiveness of various teaching methods, the impact of instructional materials, and factors influencing student learning.
</p><p>Experimental pedagogy has the potential to significantly impact education by offering evidence-based support for effective practices. Examples of its application include studies on the use of technology in the classroom, the influence of different teaching methods on student motivation, and the examination of factors affecting student achievement.
</p><p>Examples of experimental pedagogy in educational action include:
</p>
<ul><li>A study on the effectiveness of using technology in the classroom, comparing the learning outcomes of students using tablets with those who do not.</li>
<li>A study on the impact of different teaching methods on student motivation, comparing motivation levels in classes using different approaches.</li>
<li>A study on the factors influencing student achievement, examining factors such as student background, family income, and resource access.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HK_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div>
<p>Newer teaching methods may incorporate television, radio, internet, multi media, and other modern devices. Some educators believe that the use of <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, while facilitating learning to some degree, is not a substitute for educational methods that encourage critical thinking and a desire to learn. <a href="Inquiry_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquiry learning">Inquiry learning</a> is another modern teaching method. A popular teaching method that is being used by many teachers is hands on activities. Hands-on activities are activities that require movement, talking, and listening.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a> – Educational technique</li>
<li><a href="Asynchronous_learning" title="Asynchronous learning">Asynchronous learning</a> – Learning that occurs on each individual student's time</li>
<li><a href="Business_game" title="Business game">Business game</a></li>
<li><a href="Case_method" title="Case method">Case method</a> – Teaching approach</li>
<li><a href="Didactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactics">Didactics</a> – Teaching method<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>
<li><a href="Differentiated_instruction" title="Differentiated instruction">Differentiated instruction</a> – Framework or philosophy for effective teaching</li>
<li><a href="Design-based_learning" title="Design-based learning">Design-based learning</a> – Learner centric pedagogy</li>
<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational psychology</a> – Branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning</li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Educational philosophy</a> – Study of nature and aims of education</li>
<li><a href="Effective_schools" title="Effective schools">Effective schools</a></li>
<li><a href="Example_choice" title="Example choice">Example choice</a> – Teaching method</li>
<li><a href="Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential learning</a> – Learn by reflect on active involvement</li>
<li><a href="Kinesthetic_learning" title="Kinesthetic learning">Kinesthetic learning</a> – Learning by physical activities</li>
<li><a href="Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a> – Description of the course of instruction for a lesson</li>
<li><a href="Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive learning</a> – Learning method</li>
<li><a href="Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a> – Re-usable form of a solution to a problem or task in pedagogy</li>
<li><a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> – Theory and practice of education</li>
<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based learning</a> – Learner centric pedagogy</li>
<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> – Approaches to problem solving</li>
<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher education</a> – Training teachers to develop teaching skills</li>
<li><a href="Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a> – Classroom behaviour management technique</li>
<li><a href="Training" title="Training">Training</a> – Acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of teaching or practice</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHighet1989" class="citation book cs1">Highet G (1989). <i>The Art of Teaching</i>. Vintage Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-679-72314-1</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1915" class="citation book cs1">Monroe P (1915). <i>A Text-Book in the History of Education</i>. Macmillan. <a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1540509W">1540509W</a>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1926-01457-001">"Experimental pedagogy and experimental psychology"</a>. <i>psycnet.apa.org</i>. APA PsycNet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFJahrling1923" class="citation journal cs1">Jahrling R (1923). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08919402.1923.10532906">"Experimental Pedagogy, the Science of Education"</a></span>. <i>The Pedagogical Seminary</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>44. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08919402.1923.10532906">10.1080/08919402.1923.10532906</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-9402">0891-9402</a>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDeines2019" class="citation cs2">Deines AG (2019), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429290596-10/experimental-pedagogy-amy-green-deines">"Experimental Pedagogy: The Connection Between Teaching and Social Impact"</a></span>, <i>Teaching and Designing in Detroit</i>, Routledge, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429290596-10">10.4324/9780429290596-10</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-429-29059-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span></cite></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Education397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a>
<ul><li><a href="Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a>
<ul><li><a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li>
<li><a href="Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a>
<ul><li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>
<li><a href="Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li>
<li><a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a>
<ul><li><a href="Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li>
<li><a href="Art_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Art education">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li>
<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li>
<li><a href="Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li>
<li><a href="Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li>
<li><a href="Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li>
<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li>
<li><a href="Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li>
<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li>
<li><a href="Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li>
<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li>
<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>
<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>
<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li>
<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li>
<li><a href="Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Accreditation_mill" title="Accreditation mill">Accreditation mill</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bloom's_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="Board_of_education" title="Board of education">Board of education</a></li>
<li><a href="Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li>
<li><a href="Classroom_management" title="Classroom management">Classroom management</a>
<ul><li><a href="Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li>
<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_development" title="Curriculum development">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Diploma_mill" title="Diploma mill">Diploma mill</a></li>
<li><a href="Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a>
<ul><li><a href="Desirable_difficulty" title="Desirable difficulty">Desirable difficulty</a></li>
<li><a href="Spacing_effect" title="Spacing effect">Spacing effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Testing_effect" title="Testing effect">Testing effect</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li>
<li><a href="Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li>
<li><a href="School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li>
<li><a href="School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li>
<li><a href="Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li>
<li><a href="Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li>
<li><a href="Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li>
<li><a href="Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li>
<li><a href="Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li>
<li><a href="Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Personalized_learning" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li>
<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>
<li><a href="Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li>
<li><a href="Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw external" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw external" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Education" class="extiw external" title="n:Portal:Education">News</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br>(<a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Chad" title="Education in Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br>recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div>
<ul><li>Canary Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ceuta<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Melilla<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Spain)</li>
<li>Madeira<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Portugal)</li>
<li>Mayotte<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Réunion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(France)</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ascension Island<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(United Kingdom)</li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br>limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Palestine" title="Education in Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li>South Ossetia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>British Indian Ocean Territory</li>
<li>Christmas Island</li>
<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAsia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Europe </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br>recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li>South Ossetia</li>
<li>Transnistria</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br>other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Education in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
<li>Svalbard</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
<li>Bonaire</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li>Curaçao</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li>
<li>Martinique</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>
<li>Saint Martin</li>
<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>
<li>Saba</li>
<li>Sint Eustatius</li>
<li>Sint Maarten</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br>of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Niue" title="Education in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br>and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li>Christmas Island</li>
<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>
<li>Easter Island</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>
<li>New Caledonia</li>
<li>Norfolk Island</li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>
<li>Wallis and Futuna</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<li><a href="Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>
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